American Sikhs in Sixteenth Century(Nanak-Panthies).
Christopher Columbus in his first letter dated 15th, Feburary, 1493, has made it clear to the whole world that "by landing in Guanhani and Cuba, he had set foot in India".( Ref. Amerigo And The New World, 1955).This has been confirmed by two other prominant sources:(1) The Christian Advocate of 1909 and (2) The Bibliography of the First Letter of Christopher Columbus of 1872.
On its particular page no. 1425 dated September 9, 1909, while writing the book-review of The Sikh Relgion of Max Arthur Macaulife, the worthy editor of The Christian Advocate, revealed that "This system of philosophy was evolved at a very early date---------. The modern development took place not far from the same year in which Columbus discovered America.It began with the principles of Nanak, who was born in 1469----" This true statement of The Christian Advocate has been confimed by Major Richard Henry, in 1872, when he produced the Italian version of Columbus letter of 1493 that both Cuba and Guanhani were inhabited by people of Ganga region in India.He(Major R.H.) confirms "---Insulis Indie Supra Gangem nuper inuentis---". This means the peoples from India were already in America in the last decade of 15th century.Another world famous navigator is Vespucci Amerigo, who gave his name to American Continent. In his letter, published from Florence,1505-6,that East Asian people were also inhabited with the natives.{ Ref. pp xvi of" The Fist Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, translated from rare original edition(florence, 1505-6) }. The editer of this book, M. K. further confirms that around 1505-6 some people from India were in Bahia,Brasil. This means people from real India were in Brasil in the first decade of 16th century.Christopher Columbus confirmed at the end of his third voyage in 1498,that this earth was spherical and it was moving around the Sun. But the Bible claimed that the earth was flat and the Sun was moving around the earth. The statement of Columbus was anti- Bible, but it was fully in conversant with that of Nanak, who was working with with Daulat Khan Lodhi.Now question arises, how the theory of Nanak reached Columbus? From two important sources, the theory of Nanak reached Columbus,(1) the people of Cuba and(2) Navigator,Hieronimo De Santo Stefano, who returned from India and Pegu(Burma) in 1496 via Sind and Lahri Bander near Karachi and Iran.( Ref. " India in the Fifteenth Century by Major R. H.,1856 A.D.).(3) The Nanak-Panthies themselves, when Christopher Columbus and his son, D.Ferdinand Columbus visited the province of Ciguare of Panama in Feb., 1503. The son of Columbus was 15 years old in 1503. In his narrative Hieronima de Santo Stefano made a clear cut referance of the city of Sultanpur. For your kind information, Sultan Pur Lodhi was called as as Sultaneih or Sultan Pur only, before Daulat Khan Lodhi was made its governor." Lodhi" was the last name of lodhi Sultans and Daulat Khan. Lodhi Sultans used to stay in Sultan Pur Castle( you can see the ruins of this Quila still now) That is why, Sultan Pur Lodhi was also called the City of Sultans or "Sultaneih". Sultaneih is the plural of Sultan in Persian. Actually there was a delegation of Sikander Lodhi and Daulat Khan Lodhi, which emborded the ship of Hieronimo de Santo Stefano, a Genoese merchant at Lahri Bander near Karachi. This delegation was on its way to Italy( Ref. "The Encyclopedia of Christopher Columbus"). Both Santo Stefana and Chritopher Columbus were born in Genoa(Italy) and they were friends. From this gentleman the theory of Nanak passed on to Columbus.The secondary source of information is the peoples of Cuba, Haiti(Previouly Called San Dominago), and Guanhani. The philosophy of Nanak totally changed Christopher Columbus. From a totally cleanshaven man he grew beard and hairs on his head. He used to tie a top not. He was arrested in 1500 when he returned from his third voyage. He was alleged to be dishonest and anti-Bible, because he said the earth was a Globe or spherical instead of flat and moving round the Sun.(Only in 1997, Pope John Paul-II has reversed the statement of Holy Bible.) Almost 500 year later, the statement of Columbus has been accepted by the Catholic Church. Actally the Philosophy of Nanak was behind the Discovery of America. D. Ferdinand, who was about 15th of his age, when he and his father went to the province of Ciguare in Feb., 1503( Ref. Fourth Voyage of Christopher Columbus), the worthy writer, wrote this vital information in 1532, that some Nanak Panthies were in that rich area of Ciguare( Panama). They used crown(Dastar) and bracelet( Kara), they used to keep sword. shield, spear and also mounted on horses. women used anklets(Jhanjars) and other garments, which do not require a whole in the body. Hindu women wore corals etc..
In the light of this new piece of information, the famous historian J.D Cunnigham is totally correct when he declared in 1849 that the wheather of North Africa and many American States was like that of Punjab and India. Cunnigham wrote" ---The country of the Sikhs , being thus situated in a medium degree of latitude, corresponding nearly with that of Northern Africa and the American States---". He has described about Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.Indirectly, he confirmed that the Sikhs of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh were in North Africa as well as in Americas.( Ref. PP1-2 History of The Sikhs, by J.D. Cunnigham,1849).He got this information from Bhai Gurdas(1635) and Mohsin Fani(1645). Bhai Gurdas said----" Purakh Padarth Janiye Taru Bharu Das Duara----" (Var 11, ).Taru was the Masand(preacher) of Afghanistan and Middle East upto Turkey(Ref. Mahankosh). Bharu was the Masand of Amer Pind(Undoubtly American region). The word "Pind" in latin is Pindus(Region).Third Masand was Dasa, the worthy father of Baba Makhan Shah Lubana.The whole family tree of Baba Makhan Shah Lubana was as under-----Makhan Shah s/o Dasa s/o Artha s/o Banna s/oBohru s/o Saun( Ref. " Guru Kian Sakhian, 1790). Dasa was the masand of Africa and Mauritius(Ref. the photo-album of North Africa,Harpal Singh Kasoor).Another historian, which has confirmed the inhabitance of Nanak-Panthy(Sikhs) in each country of the world in 16th century, is Mohsin Fani , who wrote Dabistan-e-Majahib in 1645. He confirmed that "----Whatever it be, the nunber of these sectaries increased everywhere, so that, in the times of the Guru Arjanmal, it became very considerable, and at last there was no place in any country and city(inhabited), where Nanak-Panthy were not to be found.
Another Sikh Historian, who wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak is Bhai Behlon, about whom Satguru Arjan Sahib said" Bhai Behlon, Sabh To Pehlon" In 1588 he(Behlon) wrote" Desh Cabroo Jeeta Bhari, Keet Raj Ki Katha Uchari___".A manuscript of Brasil of 1588 confirmed the inhabitance of Nac-Nanuk tribe in 1588 and before in Bahia area of Brasil.(Ref. PP232 of" Revista do Instituto, Historico e Geographoco Brazileiro, Volume 23). on its particular page no. 232, the author, confirmed" tribus Confedradas Dos Nack-Nenukes os Nack- Nenuke Sao Botocudos" 1587 A.D.Another Portuguese Book," Os Barun De Roce" confirms the presence of Nac-Nanuk before 1758 in Bahia, East Brasil. The later historians also confirmed the presence of Nac-Nanuk tribe in East Brasil.From all the above examples given above, we can draw a safe concusion that Sikhs were present in Mexico, West Indies, Virginia,Montreal and Quebec City and East Brasil etc. in Sixteenth Century.
Now where the first Sikhs lived in Mexico and California? (please note that California was a part of Mexico at the time of the visit of Satguru Nanak Sahib and Bhai Sahib Mardana Ji to America in 1518-1519.Satguru Ram Das has cleared in Holy Guru Granth Sahib that the congregations were held in Amar Pind and other, " Amar Pind Bhay Sadhu Sang Janam Maran Donu Mitgayia---", Holy Page No. 835 of SGGS(Sri Guru Granth Sahib).Both Manga And Malo were Mexican Gujars. They were of Pima Tribe . They migrated from Montgomery and Lahore in the last decade of 15th century. The full name of this tribe was Pimprima (Ref. Castes And Tribes of Punjab And North West Frontier, by H.A. Rose and Others, 1912)They played the musical instrument and did the business of dairy and cattles( Ref. " The Cattle Industry of Southern Arizona !540-1940".Manga lived in Amarillo, whereas Malo lived in Santa Fe.This Valley(Pind) is named after the navigator, Alonso-De Pineda of Spain, because he found this valley made its first Map in 1519 and also "Pineda Stone" is available near Amarillo. It Starts from California and goes upto Kansas via San Juan Pueblos and Santa Fe. This highway was earlier called Old Spainish Trail or Santa Fe Trail. In this valley the crop of Amaranth is grown.Malo was invited by Manga in Amarillo and the Musical performance took place in Amarillo. Both Manga and Malo also joined Bhai Sahib, because they were Musicians and sought the audience of Satguru Nanak Sahib.(Ref. PP28 of Volume III, of The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, by Prof. Harbans Singh).Earlier they believed in Tapas. Almighty Satguru Nanak Sahib advised them to devote themselves to Katha and Kirtan. Satguru Nanak Sahib uttered Rag Maru Mahalla-I, which is recorded on the Holy Page No.1012 of SGGS. "---Nam Padarth Amar Hai Hirdhei Man Wasaye. Gur Sewa Sada Sukh Hai Jis No Hukam Manay. Suina Rupa Subh Dhat Hai Mati Ral Jaei--". In This Holy Lines. Satguru Says that Naam is the Permanant Material where as all the materials of this world are short lived. This permanant material should be in your spirit and mind. The service of the Guru is always the sour happiness. but this service is done only by those who accept His order. Gold, Silver and other things are only metals, which are short lived and ultimately they will diminish.
After Completing his mission of " Anti-Slavery" in many regions, Almighty Satguru Nanak Sahib, started the last leg of his misson, from the village of Sal in Atlantic region. Sal was one of the big markets of slaves in 16th century..Slaves were transported and boarded from this region of Africa of Cape Varde Islands to Spain and other countries of the world.( Ref." The Forcible Entries" of Roman Conclave, 1609). Mr. Juan Miguel Dabues, was the incharge of slaves at Seville(Spain), coming from the direction of Cape Good Port, of Africa.(Ref.The Atlantic Slave Trade From 1440-1870, by Hugh Thomas, 1989). Slaves, including Satguru Nanak Sahib(Who himself became a slave to release other slaves), were transported from village "Sal", and were brought to Seville. While addressing to" the specialist" Juan Miguel Dabues, Satguru Nanak Sahib uttered these Holy lines." Mahalla-I Basant Hindol Ghar 2, Ekoankar Satgurparsad PP 1170-71 of SGGS).The Satguru said to the people of Seville(Spain) that the villagers of Sal and others, have been brought to Spain, by putting them in"Bip"(Bipta), trouble, by keeping their heads"Tind", straight, and the Chain is put in such a way, as a thread is used for a garland. These slaves are shops of the Almighty God."Kar Harihat Mala Tind Provo".On the logical advise of Satguru, the slaver released all the slaves(about 55).After their release, the Satguru prayed to the Almighty God that with Your Grace, a crane- like people, can become a goose." Bagle Te Fun Hansla Hove Je Tun Karay Dayala". After this mission in Spain, four people-Satguru Nanak Sahib, Bhai Mardana Ji, both Mangha and Malo(Both Mexicans) left for America for their next mission.
Bibliography:-
(1)---The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Volume- III by Prof. Harbans Singh, published by Punjabi University, Patiala,2002.
(2)---Guru Nanak in The Eyes of Non-Sikhs, by Sarjit Singh Bal, published by ,Publication Bureau,, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1969.
(3)---History Of The Sikhs,by J.D. Cunnigham, published by , Low Price Publications,Delhi,1997.(Its First Edtion Appeared in 1849).
(4)---Varan Bhai Gurdas, by Braham Jagdish Singh, published by, Varis Shah Foundation, Amritsar, 2009.
(5)---The Life Of Christer Columbus, From his Own Letters And Journals, By E.E. Hale, published by, G.L.Howe, & Co.,Chicago,1891.
(6)The Bibliography of the First Letter of Christer Columbus, by Major Richard Henry, published by, Ellis & White, 29, Bond Street, 1872.
India In The Fifteenth Century, by Major Richard Henry, published by, Burt Franklin,New York,1856.
(7)--The Spanish Letter of Columbus,(Reprinted in Fascimile, Translated And Edited From The Unique Copy Of The Original Edition, printed at Barcelona, Early in April,1493), Dt. Feb. 15, 1493,published by, Bernard Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, London,1891.
(8)---The First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, Translated From the Rare Original Edition(Florence,1505-6), published by, Bernard Quaritch, 15 Piccadilly, London, 1885.
(9)---Amerigo And The New World,Translated from The Spanish, by German Arciniegas, published by Alfred-A-Knopf, New York, 1955.
(10)---The Christian Advocate, PP 1425, Dt. September 9,1909.
(11)---The Road To California, The Search For a Southern Overland Route 1540-1848, by Harlan Hague, published by The Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, California, 1978.
(12)---The Map of Alonso De Pineda, 1519,A.D.
(13)---Pineda Stone, 1519 A.D.
(14)---Explorer, Traders and Slavers Forging the Old Spanish Trail, 1678-1850, by Joseph P. sanchez, publ;ished by, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
(15)---The Overland Journey From Utah To California, by Edward Leo Lyman, published by University of Nevada Press, Reno & Las Vegas.
(16)--- The Chritopher Columbus Encyclopedia, by Silvio A. Bedini, published by Simon & Schuster, New York.
(17)---Sufi Saints And Power, The Pirs of Sind1843-1947, by Sarah F. D. Ansari, published by, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1992.
(18)---Spanish Texas 1519-1821, by Donald E. Chipman.
(19)---Explores And Colonies 1500-1625, by David B. Quinn, published by, The Hambledon Press, London, 1990.
(20)---The Cattle Industries of Southern Arizona, published in Arizona.
(21)---The Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870, By Hugh Thomas, 1987.
Copy Right 2011, by Bhai Harpal Singh Kasoor.
On its particular page no. 1425 dated September 9, 1909, while writing the book-review of The Sikh Relgion of Max Arthur Macaulife, the worthy editor of The Christian Advocate, revealed that "This system of philosophy was evolved at a very early date---------. The modern development took place not far from the same year in which Columbus discovered America.It began with the principles of Nanak, who was born in 1469----" This true statement of The Christian Advocate has been confimed by Major Richard Henry, in 1872, when he produced the Italian version of Columbus letter of 1493 that both Cuba and Guanhani were inhabited by people of Ganga region in India.He(Major R.H.) confirms "---Insulis Indie Supra Gangem nuper inuentis---". This means the peoples from India were already in America in the last decade of 15th century.Another world famous navigator is Vespucci Amerigo, who gave his name to American Continent. In his letter, published from Florence,1505-6,that East Asian people were also inhabited with the natives.{ Ref. pp xvi of" The Fist Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, translated from rare original edition(florence, 1505-6) }. The editer of this book, M. K. further confirms that around 1505-6 some people from India were in Bahia,Brasil. This means people from real India were in Brasil in the first decade of 16th century.Christopher Columbus confirmed at the end of his third voyage in 1498,that this earth was spherical and it was moving around the Sun. But the Bible claimed that the earth was flat and the Sun was moving around the earth. The statement of Columbus was anti- Bible, but it was fully in conversant with that of Nanak, who was working with with Daulat Khan Lodhi.Now question arises, how the theory of Nanak reached Columbus? From two important sources, the theory of Nanak reached Columbus,(1) the people of Cuba and(2) Navigator,Hieronimo De Santo Stefano, who returned from India and Pegu(Burma) in 1496 via Sind and Lahri Bander near Karachi and Iran.( Ref. " India in the Fifteenth Century by Major R. H.,1856 A.D.).(3) The Nanak-Panthies themselves, when Christopher Columbus and his son, D.Ferdinand Columbus visited the province of Ciguare of Panama in Feb., 1503. The son of Columbus was 15 years old in 1503. In his narrative Hieronima de Santo Stefano made a clear cut referance of the city of Sultanpur. For your kind information, Sultan Pur Lodhi was called as as Sultaneih or Sultan Pur only, before Daulat Khan Lodhi was made its governor." Lodhi" was the last name of lodhi Sultans and Daulat Khan. Lodhi Sultans used to stay in Sultan Pur Castle( you can see the ruins of this Quila still now) That is why, Sultan Pur Lodhi was also called the City of Sultans or "Sultaneih". Sultaneih is the plural of Sultan in Persian. Actually there was a delegation of Sikander Lodhi and Daulat Khan Lodhi, which emborded the ship of Hieronimo de Santo Stefano, a Genoese merchant at Lahri Bander near Karachi. This delegation was on its way to Italy( Ref. "The Encyclopedia of Christopher Columbus"). Both Santo Stefana and Chritopher Columbus were born in Genoa(Italy) and they were friends. From this gentleman the theory of Nanak passed on to Columbus.The secondary source of information is the peoples of Cuba, Haiti(Previouly Called San Dominago), and Guanhani. The philosophy of Nanak totally changed Christopher Columbus. From a totally cleanshaven man he grew beard and hairs on his head. He used to tie a top not. He was arrested in 1500 when he returned from his third voyage. He was alleged to be dishonest and anti-Bible, because he said the earth was a Globe or spherical instead of flat and moving round the Sun.(Only in 1997, Pope John Paul-II has reversed the statement of Holy Bible.) Almost 500 year later, the statement of Columbus has been accepted by the Catholic Church. Actally the Philosophy of Nanak was behind the Discovery of America. D. Ferdinand, who was about 15th of his age, when he and his father went to the province of Ciguare in Feb., 1503( Ref. Fourth Voyage of Christopher Columbus), the worthy writer, wrote this vital information in 1532, that some Nanak Panthies were in that rich area of Ciguare( Panama). They used crown(Dastar) and bracelet( Kara), they used to keep sword. shield, spear and also mounted on horses. women used anklets(Jhanjars) and other garments, which do not require a whole in the body. Hindu women wore corals etc..
In the light of this new piece of information, the famous historian J.D Cunnigham is totally correct when he declared in 1849 that the wheather of North Africa and many American States was like that of Punjab and India. Cunnigham wrote" ---The country of the Sikhs , being thus situated in a medium degree of latitude, corresponding nearly with that of Northern Africa and the American States---". He has described about Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.Indirectly, he confirmed that the Sikhs of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh were in North Africa as well as in Americas.( Ref. PP1-2 History of The Sikhs, by J.D. Cunnigham,1849).He got this information from Bhai Gurdas(1635) and Mohsin Fani(1645). Bhai Gurdas said----" Purakh Padarth Janiye Taru Bharu Das Duara----" (Var 11, ).Taru was the Masand(preacher) of Afghanistan and Middle East upto Turkey(Ref. Mahankosh). Bharu was the Masand of Amer Pind(Undoubtly American region). The word "Pind" in latin is Pindus(Region).Third Masand was Dasa, the worthy father of Baba Makhan Shah Lubana.The whole family tree of Baba Makhan Shah Lubana was as under-----Makhan Shah s/o Dasa s/o Artha s/o Banna s/oBohru s/o Saun( Ref. " Guru Kian Sakhian, 1790). Dasa was the masand of Africa and Mauritius(Ref. the photo-album of North Africa,Harpal Singh Kasoor).Another historian, which has confirmed the inhabitance of Nanak-Panthy(Sikhs) in each country of the world in 16th century, is Mohsin Fani , who wrote Dabistan-e-Majahib in 1645. He confirmed that "----Whatever it be, the nunber of these sectaries increased everywhere, so that, in the times of the Guru Arjanmal, it became very considerable, and at last there was no place in any country and city(inhabited), where Nanak-Panthy were not to be found.
Another Sikh Historian, who wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak is Bhai Behlon, about whom Satguru Arjan Sahib said" Bhai Behlon, Sabh To Pehlon" In 1588 he(Behlon) wrote" Desh Cabroo Jeeta Bhari, Keet Raj Ki Katha Uchari___".A manuscript of Brasil of 1588 confirmed the inhabitance of Nac-Nanuk tribe in 1588 and before in Bahia area of Brasil.(Ref. PP232 of" Revista do Instituto, Historico e Geographoco Brazileiro, Volume 23). on its particular page no. 232, the author, confirmed" tribus Confedradas Dos Nack-Nenukes os Nack- Nenuke Sao Botocudos" 1587 A.D.Another Portuguese Book," Os Barun De Roce" confirms the presence of Nac-Nanuk before 1758 in Bahia, East Brasil. The later historians also confirmed the presence of Nac-Nanuk tribe in East Brasil.From all the above examples given above, we can draw a safe concusion that Sikhs were present in Mexico, West Indies, Virginia,Montreal and Quebec City and East Brasil etc. in Sixteenth Century.
Now where the first Sikhs lived in Mexico and California? (please note that California was a part of Mexico at the time of the visit of Satguru Nanak Sahib and Bhai Sahib Mardana Ji to America in 1518-1519.Satguru Ram Das has cleared in Holy Guru Granth Sahib that the congregations were held in Amar Pind and other, " Amar Pind Bhay Sadhu Sang Janam Maran Donu Mitgayia---", Holy Page No. 835 of SGGS(Sri Guru Granth Sahib).Both Manga And Malo were Mexican Gujars. They were of Pima Tribe . They migrated from Montgomery and Lahore in the last decade of 15th century. The full name of this tribe was Pimprima (Ref. Castes And Tribes of Punjab And North West Frontier, by H.A. Rose and Others, 1912)They played the musical instrument and did the business of dairy and cattles( Ref. " The Cattle Industry of Southern Arizona !540-1940".Manga lived in Amarillo, whereas Malo lived in Santa Fe.This Valley(Pind) is named after the navigator, Alonso-De Pineda of Spain, because he found this valley made its first Map in 1519 and also "Pineda Stone" is available near Amarillo. It Starts from California and goes upto Kansas via San Juan Pueblos and Santa Fe. This highway was earlier called Old Spainish Trail or Santa Fe Trail. In this valley the crop of Amaranth is grown.Malo was invited by Manga in Amarillo and the Musical performance took place in Amarillo. Both Manga and Malo also joined Bhai Sahib, because they were Musicians and sought the audience of Satguru Nanak Sahib.(Ref. PP28 of Volume III, of The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, by Prof. Harbans Singh).Earlier they believed in Tapas. Almighty Satguru Nanak Sahib advised them to devote themselves to Katha and Kirtan. Satguru Nanak Sahib uttered Rag Maru Mahalla-I, which is recorded on the Holy Page No.1012 of SGGS. "---Nam Padarth Amar Hai Hirdhei Man Wasaye. Gur Sewa Sada Sukh Hai Jis No Hukam Manay. Suina Rupa Subh Dhat Hai Mati Ral Jaei--". In This Holy Lines. Satguru Says that Naam is the Permanant Material where as all the materials of this world are short lived. This permanant material should be in your spirit and mind. The service of the Guru is always the sour happiness. but this service is done only by those who accept His order. Gold, Silver and other things are only metals, which are short lived and ultimately they will diminish.
After Completing his mission of " Anti-Slavery" in many regions, Almighty Satguru Nanak Sahib, started the last leg of his misson, from the village of Sal in Atlantic region. Sal was one of the big markets of slaves in 16th century..Slaves were transported and boarded from this region of Africa of Cape Varde Islands to Spain and other countries of the world.( Ref." The Forcible Entries" of Roman Conclave, 1609). Mr. Juan Miguel Dabues, was the incharge of slaves at Seville(Spain), coming from the direction of Cape Good Port, of Africa.(Ref.The Atlantic Slave Trade From 1440-1870, by Hugh Thomas, 1989). Slaves, including Satguru Nanak Sahib(Who himself became a slave to release other slaves), were transported from village "Sal", and were brought to Seville. While addressing to" the specialist" Juan Miguel Dabues, Satguru Nanak Sahib uttered these Holy lines." Mahalla-I Basant Hindol Ghar 2, Ekoankar Satgurparsad PP 1170-71 of SGGS).The Satguru said to the people of Seville(Spain) that the villagers of Sal and others, have been brought to Spain, by putting them in"Bip"(Bipta), trouble, by keeping their heads"Tind", straight, and the Chain is put in such a way, as a thread is used for a garland. These slaves are shops of the Almighty God."Kar Harihat Mala Tind Provo".On the logical advise of Satguru, the slaver released all the slaves(about 55).After their release, the Satguru prayed to the Almighty God that with Your Grace, a crane- like people, can become a goose." Bagle Te Fun Hansla Hove Je Tun Karay Dayala". After this mission in Spain, four people-Satguru Nanak Sahib, Bhai Mardana Ji, both Mangha and Malo(Both Mexicans) left for America for their next mission.
Bibliography:-
(1)---The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Volume- III by Prof. Harbans Singh, published by Punjabi University, Patiala,2002.
(2)---Guru Nanak in The Eyes of Non-Sikhs, by Sarjit Singh Bal, published by ,Publication Bureau,, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1969.
(3)---History Of The Sikhs,by J.D. Cunnigham, published by , Low Price Publications,Delhi,1997.(Its First Edtion Appeared in 1849).
(4)---Varan Bhai Gurdas, by Braham Jagdish Singh, published by, Varis Shah Foundation, Amritsar, 2009.
(5)---The Life Of Christer Columbus, From his Own Letters And Journals, By E.E. Hale, published by, G.L.Howe, & Co.,Chicago,1891.
(6)The Bibliography of the First Letter of Christer Columbus, by Major Richard Henry, published by, Ellis & White, 29, Bond Street, 1872.
India In The Fifteenth Century, by Major Richard Henry, published by, Burt Franklin,New York,1856.
(7)--The Spanish Letter of Columbus,(Reprinted in Fascimile, Translated And Edited From The Unique Copy Of The Original Edition, printed at Barcelona, Early in April,1493), Dt. Feb. 15, 1493,published by, Bernard Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, London,1891.
(8)---The First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, Translated From the Rare Original Edition(Florence,1505-6), published by, Bernard Quaritch, 15 Piccadilly, London, 1885.
(9)---Amerigo And The New World,Translated from The Spanish, by German Arciniegas, published by Alfred-A-Knopf, New York, 1955.
(10)---The Christian Advocate, PP 1425, Dt. September 9,1909.
(11)---The Road To California, The Search For a Southern Overland Route 1540-1848, by Harlan Hague, published by The Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, California, 1978.
(12)---The Map of Alonso De Pineda, 1519,A.D.
(13)---Pineda Stone, 1519 A.D.
(14)---Explorer, Traders and Slavers Forging the Old Spanish Trail, 1678-1850, by Joseph P. sanchez, publ;ished by, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
(15)---The Overland Journey From Utah To California, by Edward Leo Lyman, published by University of Nevada Press, Reno & Las Vegas.
(16)--- The Chritopher Columbus Encyclopedia, by Silvio A. Bedini, published by Simon & Schuster, New York.
(17)---Sufi Saints And Power, The Pirs of Sind1843-1947, by Sarah F. D. Ansari, published by, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1992.
(18)---Spanish Texas 1519-1821, by Donald E. Chipman.
(19)---Explores And Colonies 1500-1625, by David B. Quinn, published by, The Hambledon Press, London, 1990.
(20)---The Cattle Industries of Southern Arizona, published in Arizona.
(21)---The Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870, By Hugh Thomas, 1987.
Copy Right 2011, by Bhai Harpal Singh Kasoor.
Sal, Cape Varde Islands, Was One of the Main Market Of Slaves in 16th Century.
"Kar Harihat Mala Tind Provo"-Satguru Nanak Sahib in" Mahalla-I Basant Hindole Ghar 2", PP 1170-71 of SGGS.
Slaves From Real India, Taken By Juan Miguel Dabues(A specialst in slaves from 1515 to late 1520s)( By courtesy of Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library of University of Toronto).
A Fact, Not A Fancy---Christopher Columbus, The Beginner od Satguru Nanak Sahib's Principle, Politically Put in Prison. You Can See The Top-Knot on His Head, Made By A Thread( By Courtesy of " The Life Of Christopher Columbus From His Own Letters And Jounals", Written by, Major Richard Henry, 1872. He( Major R.H.) Was The First Historian , Who Dug Out These Facts. In 1856, He(Major R. H.), Translated The Voyage of Hieronimo De Santo Stefano, Who first Mentioned The Name in 1496, of The Town Of Sultan Pur Lodhi.(Please Note That, Before The Lodhi Governor And The Lodhi Sultans, This Town Was Called" The City Of Sultaneih". After These Historian, Major R. H. And Navigator, Stefano," The Chrisian Advocate" Mentioned These True Facts Of Satguru Nanak Sahib.
Columbus Said On Nanak-Panthies--"---The people of that region wore crowns(Dastar) and Bracelets(Kara).Washington Irving, 1834,giving ref.of "The Letter of Columbus From Jamaica,Narrative 1 to 4.This Manuscrpt was completed in 1534, by D.Fardinand Columbus, The son of Christopher Columbus. The son of Columbus was about 15 years, and accompanied to the admiral to the Fourth voyage. The junior Columbus saw with own eyes, Nanak Panthi in Ciguare village of Central America. He wrote----' the woman of this new tribe wore anklets(Jhanjars) of Gold, Men had swords, Shields and spears and mount on horses.They wore garments which do not require whole.When Satguru Nanak Sahib and Bhai Sahib, Mardana ji visited this village in 1518-19. He advise all, including Nanak-Panthies" Salok Mahalla-I, Kamar Katara Bankrha Banke Ka Aswar Gharab Na Kijay Nanaka Mat Sir Awain Bhar",Holy Page No. 536 of SGGS., against proud so that they could not fell on the ground with their faces downward.
Nanick Shah forsook world for his world mission---William Franklin ( By courtesy of " The History of the Reign of Shah- Aulum, 1798).
This important page no. 42, from Sir Lepel Griffen, Chief Secretary of Punjab Government, which directly and clearly confirms, Satguru Nanak Sahib preaching his faith in the world alongwith Bhai Sahib Mardana Ji ( by courtesy of Toronto Public Library, Special Collections ).
Page No. 1425 of The Christion Advocate, dt. September 9,1909, Which Confirmed That The Philosophy And Modern Development Began With The Principle Of Nanak. It Started with The Columbus's Discovery of America( By courtesy of and with Thanksto Sardar Gurpreet Singh, and Library Of Congress, New York.May 2, 2011.
The Nishan(Trace) Of Patshahi-I, 1519. "Pineda Stone", on Rio Grande in Boca Chica village,near Brownsville, Texas. This Stone was discovered in 1974. In this area Satguru Nanak Sahib got released 270 slaves from the slaver, Alonse De Pineda. All the slaves belonged to india( Ref. letter no. 3816 of Henry-VIII of England, in which he (Henry-VIII) demanded 200000 slaves from Africa, Middle East and India).This valley is called Pinda Valley, because it was discoverd by Alonse De Pineda. " Amar Pind Bhaye Sadhu Sang Janam Narn Dono Mit Gayiya---" Satguru Ram Das on Holy Page No. 835 of SGGS.The congregation was held in Boca Chica villge, near Brownsville, Texas, in this Pineda Valley.(By courtesy of "Spanish Texas 1519-1821, by Donald E. Chipmen, 1992).
The Stone of "Ade Goray"( Guru Nanak Sahib in Sanskrit Language). This Shot was taken by the author, on November 2nd, 2011.
The Location of The Old Spanish Trail.
The Governor of Mexico on The Old Spanish Trail in 1598, and Talking To A Pima Indian.
( By Courtesy of Google Images).
First Letter of Christopher Columbus Dated February,15, 1493, Confirming The Peoples From Ganga Region of India in America in 1493 A.D.
( By Courtesy of "The Bibliography of The First Letter of Christopher Columbus, written by Major Richard Henry,1872).
(Italian Version)
(Italian Version)
Extract And English Translation of The Letter of Vespucci Amerigo, Dated July 7, 1503.( In those days it requires 10 days to reach to Reach Veragua Province of Panama(Central America) from River Ganges via Lahri Bander near Karachi, Iran, Red Sea and Mediterranian Sea, Egypt and Spain. ( by Courtesy of page no. 75 of The Google Books" Explorers And Colonies 1500-1625, by David B. Quinn, 1990).
The Island of Veragua, where First Sikhs Landed in The Last Decade of 15th Century.( By Courtesy of Google Images).
Map Of Alonse De Pineda,1519.
( By Courtesy of Google Images).